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The empire outgrew its political and military strength Although they were somewhat cowed by the size of the mansa’s army, they ended up with the victory, and the empire split into five different kingdoms by the beginning of the 1600s. The tuareg seized walata and timbuktu (1431)
The peoples of takrur and their neighbours (notably the wolof) threw off their subjection Leading the expansion was a powerful oba (ruler) named ewuare. And the mossi (in what is now burkina faso) began to harass their mali overlord.
Its expansion spread mande culture and the mande languages from the mouth of the gambia river to what is now burkina faso and, particularly through dyula traders, from the niger loop to the trading centers on the south coast.
These kingdoms flourished in the first part of this period, especially the mali empire, which saw a cultural flowering within its empire centred on the university of timbuktu. Over time institutions (elite lineages, tribute, craft production) became more complex, social stratification increased, and the state expanded its reach—then later contraction followed environmental strain, shifting trade patterns, and rising coastal powers. Encompassing at least five modern african states, the empire produced some of the continent's most renowned historical figures like mansa musa and enabled the growth and expansion of many of the region's oldest cities like timbuktu. In the early nineteenth century, timbuktu became the destination of several european expeditions spurred on by its reputation for prosperity
Indeed, the mali empire combined traditional african and islamic culture in what has been called a “remarkable synthesis.” Mali is an example of an empire that used culture, ideology, and language (mande) to dominate an expanding territory The grassland and semiarid region included virtually all of what was known as the savanna, or “sudan,” and the sahel, from the sahara’s edge to the forest’s edge in west africa. Islamic learning centers, schools, and universities, and the grandest library in all of africa were a direct result of mansa musa’s rule and made mali into a multilingual and multiethnic kingdom
Following mansa musa’s death around 1337, the.
The brisk trade with songhai and north africa, and later with portugal, helped the forest kingdoms grow In the 1400s one of these kingdoms, benin, dominated a large region around the niger delta
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